The Harsh Truth About Outsourcing

Outsourcing is not a mutually beneficial trade practice — it’s outright labor arbitrage.

Economists are blind to the loss of American industries and occupations because they believe these results reflect the beneficial workings of free trade. Whatever is being lost, they think, is being replaced by something as good or better. This thinking is rooted in the doctrine of comparative advantage put forth by economist David Ricardo in 1817.

It states that, even if a country is a high-cost producer of most things, it can still enjoy an advantage, since it will produce some goods at lower relative cost than its trading partners.

Today’s economists can’t identify what the new industries and occupations might be that will replace those that are lost, but they’re certain that those jobs and sectors are out there somewhere. What does not occur to them is that the same incentive that causes the loss of one tradable good or service — cheap, skilled foreign labor — applies to all tradable goods and services. There is no reason that the “replacement” industry or job, if it exists, won’t follow its predecessor offshore.

For comparative advantage to work, a country’s labor, capital, and technology must not move offshore. This international immobility is necessary to prevent a business from seeking an absolute advantage by going abroad. The internal cost ratios that determine comparative advantage reflect the quantity and quality of the country’s technology and capital. If these factors move abroad to where cheap labor makes them more productive, absolute advantage takes over from comparative advantage.

This is what is wrong with today’s debate about outsourcing and offshore production. It’s not really about trade but about labor arbitrage. Companies producing for U.S. markets are substituting cheap labor for expensive U.S. labor. The U.S. loses jobs and also the capital and technology that move offshore to employ the cheaper foreign labor. Economists argue that this loss of capital does not result in unemployment but rather a reduction in wages. The remaining capital is spread more thinly among workers, while the foreign workers whose country gains the money become more productive and are better paid.

Economists call this wrenching adjustment “short-run friction.” But when the loss of jobs leaves people with less income but the same mortgages and debts, upward mobility collapses. Income distribution becomes more polarized, the tax base is lost, and the ability to maintain infrastructure, entitlements, and public commitments is reduced. Nor is this adjustment just short-run. The huge excess supplies of labor in India and China mean that American wages will fall a lot faster than Asian wages will rise for a long time.

Until recently, First World countries retained their capital, labor, and technology. Foreign investment occurred, but it worked differently from outsourcing. Foreign investment was confined mainly to the First World. Its purpose was to avoid shipping costs, tariffs, and quotas, and thus sell more cheaply in the foreign market. The purpose of foreign investment was not offshore production with cheap foreign labor for the home market.

When Ricardo developed the doctrine of comparative advantage, climate and geography were important variables in the economy. The assumption that factors of production were immobile internationally was realistic. Since there were inherent differences in climate and geography, the assumption that different countries would have different relative costs of producing tradable goods was also realistic.

Today, acquired knowledge is the basis for most tradable goods and services, making the Ricardian assumptions unrealistic. Indeed, it is not clear where there is a basis for comparative advantage when production rests on acquired knowledge. Modern production functions operate the same way regardless of their locations. There is no necessary reason for the relative costs of producing manufactured goods to vary from one country to another. Yet without different internal cost ratios, there is no basis for comparative advantage.

Outsourcing is driven by absolute advantage. Asia has an absolute advantage because of its vast excess supply of skilled and educated labor. With First World capital, technology, and business know how, this labor can be just as productive as First World labor, but workers can be hired for much less money. Thus, the capitalist incentive to seek the lowest cost and most profit will seek to substitute cheap labor for expensive labor. India and China are gaining, and the First World is losing.

No one will do anything about outsourcing because, the companies that get the maximum benefit are American ones - member of the US Chamber of Commerce and have the strongest lobby group in the country. It does not have to be all or nothing proposition. All our government has to do is keep the high value production at home like Japan, Germany, Korea and to certain extent India do. It is that balancing act that would solve our economic crisis without making enemies out of our friends.

It is not difficult to do, but you need really smart surgeons and not a bunch of Lawyers and asking them to do liver transplants. Yet, that is where we are!And average people, lacking critical thinking skills, are dumb enough to fall for it.

 

Mr. Heffner is absolutely correct is stating that outsourcing is harmful to our economy and to our country.

Our government effectively bans the importation of vehicles that don't meet our emissions requirements, yet fails to stop the importation of toys dipped in lead paint and seafood grown in sewage ponds.

H. L. Mencken said, "The entire aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed and hence, clamorous to be led to safety, by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins -- all of them imaginary." He might have added: "while they ignore the real threats."

I would be interested in hearing from one politician, currently serving in Congress, who recognizes the danger of outsourcing and who has made a significant effort to do something about it.

Bruce Bishop

 

Unless exchange rate manipulation is addressed which is a country printing new money out of thin air faster relative to a trade partner then the outsourcing will keep continuing with the special interest that believe in protectionist trade called free trade saying its cheaper overseas. Of course they won't mention why its cheaper, they will just say Americans are not educated enough. When classical economists talked about free trade and comparative advantage they were referring to a time when a large amount of countries were using gold as money so that no country could cheat and cause themselves a price advantage by printing money out of thin air.

 

All of the study and exquisit language to describe what is happening to our country in terms that sound as if those in power actually believed these theories of trade are nothing but a fancy way to describe "GREED." Everything that is said, everything that is done, is said and done for one purpose, and that one thing is MONEY, and of course the power to control others. Plain and simple. Let's not complicate mans basic nature. The answer is as simple as the nature of the problem. "love your neighbor as yourself."

 

I am as greedy as the next person, yet, I am not rich and never have been. As humans, we are all greedy. That, and a buck, will get you a cup of coffee.

I have worked for nineteen companies, including six Fortune 500 manufacturers, service companies and retailers. Once you are on the inside of any company, you quickly realize that the primary motivation of the organization is not greed but survival.

In a free market, which means that the entrepreneurs control the companies instead of the government, there are constant threats of new companies with better ideas, better products, breakthrough inventions, better ways to motivate their employees, etc. No company is safe from the relentless pounding of change. For a while, Sears was the be-all and the end-all of retailers; then along came K-mart. Grant's, Woolworth's, Kresge's, Montgomery Ward, Value Village, Caldor . . . the list goes on and on of those companies that were too big to fail. And, yes . . . someday, it will happen to Walmart, Apple, General Motors and all the rest.

So, if greed were a factor in commerce, I would be one of the richest SOBs around. Still, I consider myself lucky to live in a free country where, even the poorest among us are wealthier than half of the people on the planet.

Bruce Bishop

 

It's important to remember that Free Trade Agreements only really reduce tariffs. Every other barrier under the sun like currency manipulation is not addressed. Nowadays it's hard to tell the reason why a foreign good is cheaper. Is the good cheaper due to a foreign competitor having a better product with better technology to make the product cheaper, is it maybe a poorer quality product, or does the foreign trade competitor create new money faster to depreciate their currency faster so that production is cheaper relative to other trading partners? Nowadays outsourcing is actually a bubble. Outsourcing depends on continued world inflation where the country that creates new money faster becomes the cheaper relative location to produce. Instead of producing in Asia companies could make the case that Zimbabwe which underwent hyperinflation is the cheapest country to produce in. Thats why countries like China have accumulated 3 Trillion of currency reserves because of government management of the currency where for every dollar it receives in exports it prints new Yuan to exchange for those dollars with its exporters where it then purchases US Treasuries with those dollars. This policy keeps the exchange rate fixed and allows products made on Chinese soil to be artifically cheaper. Currency manipulation is protectionism. The ideas of comparative advantage were at a time when money was sound and backed by gold where if every country in the world was on the same monetary standard then the country that could produce a particular product the cheapest should specialize in that product production. It wasn't mean't to be applied to a fiat monetary system where a country that prints new faster becomes the cheapest producer.

 

"Outsourcing is driven by absolute advantage. Asia has an absolute advantage because of its vast excess supply of skilled and educated labor."

Most of whom were trained at USA graduate schools! Thanks to liberal America and greedy Universities.

 

Skyblu --

Surely you are joking about "greedy universities."

Don't you realize that members of the academic community dwell on a higher plane, where things like greed and self-interest don't exist? (Where is that sarcasm font when I really need it?)

All kidding aside, you are absolutely correct about Asia having an "absolute advantage." China's "minimum wage" is about fifty cents an hour; whereas our top wage (UAW, fully-loaded) is fifty bucks an hour. There is no way that a little currency manipulation is going to be significant compared to that sort of differential.

To those folks whose jobs may be hanging by a thread because of currency manipulation, I'm sorry; but your jobs are going offshore sooner or later.

Everything that can be manufactured can and will be manufactured in China -- unless our government takes drastic action.

Our government is clearly not interested in the issue of jobs being lost to China. They have been ignoring it for at least fifteen years.

Bruce Bishop

 

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This Work, The Harsh Truth About Outsourcing, by Thomas Heffner is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works license.

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